Layers of the Atmosphere

Earth is surrounded by its atmosphere, which is the body of air or gases that protects the planet and enables life. Most of our atmosphere is located close to Earths surface, where it is most dense. It has five distinct layers. Lets look at each, from closest to farthest from the Earth. Troposphere The layer of the atmosphere closest to the Earth is the troposphere. It begins at the surface of the Earth and extends out to about 4 to 12 miles (6 to 20 km). This layer is known as the lower atmosphere. Its where weather happens and contains the air humans breathe.  The air of our planet is 79 percent nitrogen and just under 21 percent oxygen; the small amount remaining is composed of carbon dioxide and other gases. The temperature of the troposphere decreases with height. Stratosphere Above the troposphere is the stratosphere, which extends to about 31 miles (50 km) above the Earths surface. This layer is where the ozone layer exists and scientists send weather balloons. Jets fly in the lower stratosphere to avoid turbulence in the troposphere. Temperature rises within the stratosphere but still remains well below freezing. Mesosphere From about 31 to 53 miles (50 to 85 km)  above the surface of the Earth lies the mesosphere, where the air is especially thin and molecules are great distances apart. Temperatures in the mesosphere reach a low of -130 degrees Fahrenheit (-90 C). This layer is difficult to study directly; weather balloons cant reach it, and weather satellites orbit above it. The stratosphere and the mesosphere are known as the middle atmospheres. Thermosphere The thermosphere rises several hundred miles above the  Earths surface, from 56 miles (90 km) up to between 311 and 621 miles (500–1,000 km). Temperature is very much  affected by the sun here; it can be 360 degrees Fahrenheit hotter (500 C) during the day than at night. Temperature increases with height and can rise to as high as 3,600 degrees Fahrenheit (2000 C). Nonetheless, the air would feel cold because the hot molecules are so far apart. This layer is known as the upper atmosphere, and it is where the auroras occur (northern and southern lights). Exosphere Extending from the top of the thermosphere to 6,200 miles (10,000 km) above Earth is the exosphere, where weather satellites are. This layer has very few atmospheric molecules, which can escape into space. Some scientists disagree that the exosphere is a part of the atmosphere and instead classify it actually as a part of outer space. There is no clear upper boundary, as in other layers. Pauses Between each layer of the atmosphere is a boundary. Above the troposphere is the tropopause, above the stratosphere is the stratopause, above the mesosphere is the mesopause, and above the thermosphere is the thermopause. At these pauses, maximum change between the spheres occur. Ionosphere The ionosphere isnt actually a layer of the atmosphere but regions in the layers where there are ionized particles (electrically charged ions and free electrons), especially located in the mesosphere and thermosphere. The altitude of the ionospheres layers changes during the day and from one season to another.

Juveniles The Criminal Justice System - 1777 Words

Juveniles in the Criminal Justice System Introduction In the United States, juveniles have always known to cause trouble in the community. In recent times, many individuals have the perception that juvenile crimes are on the rise and that these offenders are getting younger. Charging juveniles as adult has always been a debate, because of their thinking process and protecting their rights. There are many cases that regard juveniles that have changed the policies of this nation. Also for those juveniles that are convicted as adults, there are many challenges that correctional officials have when housing them. Waivering juveniles to adult court has many factors to it and whether or not juveniles age thirteen and fourteen should be†¦show more content†¦In 2003, the Missouri Supreme Court reviewed his case and lowered his sentence to life imprisonment since they believed that it would be cruel and unusual punishment to sentence a juvenile to death under the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendment. When the state of Missouri appealed this ruling, the United States Supreme Court agreed to hear this case. This hearing overturned a 1989 decision (Stanford v. Kentucky) in which it was suitable for sentence sixteen and seventeen years old to capital punishment (Roper v. Simmons, 2005). Graham v. Florida (2010) In 2003, Terrace Graham, who was sixteen at the time, was arrested for armed burglary with assault or battery and attempted armed-robbery. Graham pleaded guilty to both charges under a plea agreement. He wrote a letter to the trial court expressing his remorse and promises to turn his life around. The trial court agreed to his plea agreement and sentenced him to 3 years of probation, the first year being in a county jail. Graham was released on June 25, 2004. In December 2004, Graham was again arrested for armed burglary and attempted armed robbery. Since he violated probation, the trial court sentenced him to life imprisonment for the armed burglary and fifteen years for the attempted robbery. Graham, then filed a motion because he believed that his sentence violated his Eighth Amendment. The First District Court of Appeal of Florida did not think

Moral Destruction In The Great Gatsby Essay Example For Students

Moral Destruction In The Great Gatsby Essay The Great Gatsby: The Destruction of MoralsIn The Great Gatsby, the author F. Scott Fitzgerald shows the destruction of morals in society. The characters in this novel, all lose their morals in attempt to find their desired place in the social world. They trade their beliefs for the hope of being acceptance. Myrtle believes she can scorn her true social class in an attempt to be accepted into Tons, Jay Gatsby who bases his whole life on buying love with wealth, and Daisy, who instead of marrying the man she truly loves, marries someone with wealth. The romance of money lures the characters in The Great Gatsby into surrendering their values, but in the end, the streets paved with gold led to a dead end (Vogue, December 1999). The first example of a character whose morals are destroyed is Myrtle. Myrtles attempt to enter into the group to which the Buchanans belong is doomed to fail. She enters the affair with Tom, hoping to adopt his way of life and be accepted into his class to escape from her own. Her class is that of the middle class. Her husband, Wilson, owns a gas station, making an honest living and trying his best to succeed in a world where everything revolves around material possessions. With her involvement in Toms class, she only becomes vulgar and corrupt like the rich. She loses all sense of morality by hurting others in her futile attempt to join the ranks of Toms social class. In doing so, she is leaving behind her husband who loves her. Myrtle believes he is no longer good enough for her. I married him because I thought he was a gentleman. She said finally. I thought he knew something about breeding but he wasnt fit enough to lick my shoe.' (Fitzgerald, 39). With the hope of being accepted into an upper social class, Myrtles morals and prior beliefs are gone, being replaced by the false impression that by betraying her loving husband, this new social world will embrace her. A second character that falls victim to the destruction of their morals, is Jay Gatsby. Gatsby is the supposed hero of this novel who believes that the riches he traded for honor can buy love and happiness and bring back the past(Vogue, December 1999). He too abandons his morals; illegally earning the money that he believes will win back the heart of his lost love Daisy. When they had a love affair long ago, she wouldnt marry him because of his financial standing. The details of his business are sketchy, when asked he usually ignores the question. Tom though, after some investigating finds the true nature of his profession. I found out what your drug stores were. He turned to us and spoke rapidly. He and this Wolfshiem bought up a lot of side-street drug stores here and in Chicago and sold grain alcohol over the counter. Thats one of his little stunts, I picked him for a bootlegger the first time I saw him and I wasnt far wrong.' (Fitzgerald, 141). Gatsby makes it his lifes mission t o become rich, thinking this will be sure to win Daisy over. Daisy is married though, and his lifes ambition of having Daisy fails. Gatsby surrenders his morals by breaking the law to earn the riches he thinks will buy her love but it is done for nothing, Daisy was not won over with his new wealth. A final character that succumbs to the lure of wealth and discards their morals is Daisy. Daisy is involved in a marriage with a man she is unsure of her love for. Tom is unfaithful, and has been involved in several affairs, yet Daisy remains married to him. Long ago when she was involved with Gatsby, she had ended the relationship because he was not of her social standing and was therefore unfit to marry her. Instead she married the wealthy Tom Buchanan. In June she married Tom Buchanan of Chicago with more pomp and circumstance then Louisville ever knew before. He came down with a hundred people in four private cars and hired a whole floor of the Seelbach Hotel, and the day before the wedding he gave her a string of pearls valued at three hundred and fifty thousand dollars. (Fitzgerald, 80)Right from the beginning Daisy had already had second thoughts about the marriage, getting completely drunk the night before and crying, but she went through with the marriage regardless. By not following her heart and marrying her true love, she abandoned her morals and married a man based on his wealth. In F. Scott Fitzgeralds novel The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald shows how the morals of society have been destroyed. The different characters each through their actions betray their morals to achieve a different status in society. Myrtle, a middle class, married woman, becomes immoral by having an affair in an attempt to join an upper social class. Jay Gatsby, a wealthy young man who has earned his wealth through breaking the law as an effort to win back a lost love. And Finally Daisy, a woman who marries a man only because of his enormous wealth instead of a poorer man she truly loves. In the end, giving up their morals is useless, they each fail at achieving the status they desire. .u691cf5293301223149424288a5e6f284 , .u691cf5293301223149424288a5e6f284 .postImageUrl , .u691cf5293301223149424288a5e6f284 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u691cf5293301223149424288a5e6f284 , .u691cf5293301223149424288a5e6f284:hover , .u691cf5293301223149424288a5e6f284:visited , .u691cf5293301223149424288a5e6f284:active { border:0!important; } .u691cf5293301223149424288a5e6f284 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u691cf5293301223149424288a5e6f284 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u691cf5293301223149424288a5e6f284:active , .u691cf5293301223149424288a5e6f284:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u691cf5293301223149424288a5e6f284 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u691cf5293301223149424288a5e6f284 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u691cf5293301223149424288a5e6f284 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u691cf5293301223149424288a5e6f284 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u691cf5293301223149424288a5e6f284:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u691cf5293301223149424288a5e6f284 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u691cf5293301223149424288a5e6f284 .u691cf5293301223149424288a5e6f284-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u691cf5293301223149424288a5e6f284:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Nobel Writing Style Reviewed EssayCategory: English